Haryana Assistant District Attorney Exam2025:Complete Syllabus,Pattern, Eligibility,and Preparation Guide: If you’re aspiring to become an Assistant District Attorney in Haryana,this detailed guide will walk you through every aspect of the Haryana ADA Exam 2025, including syllabus, exam pattern, eligibility, and selection process. The Haryana Public Service Commission (HPSC) conducts this exam to recruit top-tier legal professionals for the role of ADA (Assistant District Attorney). •Overview of Haryana Assistant District Attorney Exam 2025 √Exam Name:-Haryana Assistant District Attorney Exam 2025 √Conducting Body:-Haryana Public Service Commission (HPSC) √Mode of Application:-Online √Mode of Exam:-Offline (Pen and Paper) √Exam Stages:-Prelims, Mains, and Interview √Official Website:-hpsc.gov.in Eligibility Criteria for Haryana ADA Exam ✓ Educational Qualification: •Law Degree (Professional) or an integrated law course from a recognized university. •Must be enrolled as an Advocate with the Bar Council. •Should have studied Hindi or Sanskrit up to Matric standard. ✓ Age Limit: • Minimum: 21 years • Maximum: 42 years (Relaxation applicable as per government rules.) Haryana ADA Exam Pattern 2025 Preliminary Examination • Type: Objective (Multiple Choice Questions) • Duration: 2 Hours • Negative Marking: •¼ mark deducted for each wrong answer •¼ mark deducted if no option is selected or fifth bubble (unattempted) is left blank • Cutoff: Minimum 25% required to qualify • Selection: Top 4x the number of vacancies, category-wise, proceed to Mains Prelims Paper Division: Part I – Law (80% Weightage) Civil Law: • Code of Civil Procedure • Indian Evidence Act / Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (if applicable) • Indian Contract Act • Indian Partnership Act • Sale of Goods Act • Hindu Law • Mohammedan Law & Customary Law Criminal Law: • Indian Penal Code / Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (if applicable) • Criminal Procedure Code / Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (if applicable) • Indian Evidence Act Part II – General Studies & Aptitude • General Awareness • General Mental Ability • Comprehension • Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability • Decision Making and Problem Solving • Basic Numeracy • Data Interpretation • History, Geography, Polity, Economy & Culture of Haryana Mains Examination (Subject Knowledge Test) • Type: Descriptive / Subjective • Duration: 3 Hours • Maximum Marks: 150 • Minimum Qualifying Marks: 35% Mains Syllabus Breakdown Civil Law: • Code of Civil Procedure • Indian Evidence Act • Indian Contract Act • Indian Partnership Act • Sale of Goods Act • Hindu Law • Mohammedan Law & Customary Law Criminal Law: • Indian Penal Code • Criminal Procedure Code • Indian Evidence Act Interview (Viva-Voce) • Weightage: 12.5% of total score • Candidates who clear Mains will be invited for the final personality assessment. • Final merit list = Mains Marks + Interview Marks ∆ Key Highlights for Aspirants • 80% of Prelims Paper is Law-focused – deep legal knowledge is essential. • New Criminal and Evidence Codes may apply (BNS, BNSS, BSA) – stay updated. • Negative marking even for unmarked questions if fifth option is not darkened. • Mains is purely subjective, requiring detailed legal answers – practice descriptive writing. • Knowledge of Haryana’s culture, polity, and economy is crucial for General Studies. ∆ Preparation Tips for Haryana ADA Exam 2025 1. Master Bare Acts – Especially CPC, CrPC, IPC, Evidence & Contract Act. 2. Stay Updated – Watch out for changes from IPC/CrPC to BNS/BNSS and Evidence Act to BSA. 3. Daily Practice – Solve MCQs for Prelims; write structured answers for Mains. 4. Mock Interviews – Improve communication, presence of mind, and legal articulation. 5. Focus on Haryana GK – State-specific facts often give you an edge in GS. ∆ Final Words The Haryana ADA Exam 2025 is a prestigious opportunity for legal professionals aiming to serve the state. With a clear understanding of the exam pattern, updated syllabus, and strategic preparation, you can crack this exam with confidence. Start Your Preparation with TOA At Theory of Abrogation, we equip you with everything you need: •Subject-wise expert classes •Mock test series •Legal current affairs •Personalized mentorship for interview preparation “Your law degree is your foundation, but your preparation is what will build your success.” Join Our New Batch Now! Prepare smart. Prepare with Theory of Abrogation. Contact Us: 📍 B-109, Commercial Complex Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-09 📞 +91 9971399324 | +91 8840961324 📧[email protected]
Author: toahostinger
Most important questions of Muslim law
•Most Important Questions of Muslim Law Q.1. Who is a Muslim? How far IJMA is a source of Muslim law? Can IJMA be used for the further development of Muslim law? Q.2.Discuss the various sources of Muslim Law. Q.3.Write a note on the schools of Sunnis. Q.4.Marriage among Muslim law is not sacrament,but purely a civil contract.Discuss this statement with reference to the contractual nature of a Muslim marriage. Q.5.Examine the validity of the following: (i) A marriage with a woman undergoing iddat (ii) A marriage with a wife’s sister after the death of wife Q.6.Write short notes on the Nature of Muslim Marriage. Q.7.In Abdul Kadir v. Salima, (1886) 8 All 149,Justice Mahmood stated, “Marriage among Muslims is not a sacrament but purely a civil contract.”On the other hand,another noted scholar of Muslim Law, Abdul Rahim states that marriage among Muslims is both an Ibadat (devotional act) as well as muamlat (dealings among men). In the light of these statements, discuss the exact nature of Nikah,pointing out its essentíal features and referring to case-law wherever required. Q.8. What relations are prohibited from marrying on the ground of consanguinity,by a Muslim male? (RJS 1986) Q.9. Distinguish between ‘Batil’ and ‘Fasid’ marriage. In which category will you place the following:- (a) Marriage with a woman undergoing Iddat. (b) Simultaneous marriage with two consanguine sister. (c) Marriage with a fifth wife during the life time of four wives. (d) Marriage with a Christian woman. (e) Marriage in contravention of the rule of Kufr. Q.10. How can irregular marriages be made under the Muslim Law? (DJS 2015) Q.11. ‘State briefly the Muslim Law of Dower’.How far does it differ from the Hindu Law of Maintenance?A husband agrees to give his wife as Dower next years crops.The Wife files a suit to recover the same.Decide the suit. Q.12.(A) Explain what is “Mehr” in relation to a Muslim marriage. Can its payment be deferred either wholly or in part? (B) Whether “Mehr” can be termed as debt and thus a charge on the property ot the husband? (C) Can the payment of the ‘Mehr’ be excused, if so, by whom? Q.13. Write short note on Mehar-i-Misal. Q.14. State the nature and kinds of Mahr.Whether a Muslim widow can retain her husband’s property in lieu of Mahr? Whether right to receive Mahr and enjoyment of the property is transferable or heritable. Discuss with the help of Maina Bibi’s Case? Q.15.What is the nature of widow’s right of retention of the husband’s property in case her dower remains unpaid?Whether this right of retention is heritable and transferable?.Give views of the various High Courts. Q.16.Write short note on Iddat. Q.17. Distinguish between ‘Talaq-ul-biddat’ and ‘Talaq-ul-sunnat’ and state when ‘Talaq’ becomes irrevocable. Q.18. Draw distinction between the following: Ahasan Talak and Hasan Talak. Q.19. Write short note on Khula. (RJS 1971) Q.20. On what grounds a Muslim wife can seek dissolution of her marriage? Q.21.What do you understand by “cruelty by the husband” under the Dissolution of Muslim Marrlage Act, 1939? (RJS 2014) Q. 22. (a) Distinguish between ahsan talaq,hasan talaq and talaq-e-tafwiz. (b) Explain the concepts of khula and mubaraat. (c) What are the grounds of dissolution of marriage available to a Muslim wife under the Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939? (DJS2008) Q.23. Write short but critical note on Guardianship in marriage. Q.24. “A” is mother of a minor Muslim “B”.She sells “B’ s” immovable property for his necessities and benefits. “A” is de facto guardian of “B”.Discuss the validity of the saie..[UPJS 2012] Q.25. Discuss briefly the rules of Muslim law with regard to legitimacy of a child.What is the effect of acknowledgment of legitimacy? Q.26. Stating the concept of presumption of legitimacy under Muslim Law,point out the differences between Muslim Law and Section 112 of Indian Evidence Act in this regard. Q.27. The law of adoption is unknown to Muslim Law. In this connection explain the meaning of acknowledgment of paternity under Muslim Law. Q.28. Write short note on Maintenance of a wife. Q.29. To what extent is a Muslim husband bound to maintain his wife?Explain.(UPJS 1985) Q.30. Write short note on testamentary guardian and his powers. Q.31. Write short note on Hizanat. Q.32. Who are the Guardians of a Muslim minor under Muslim Law?.(DJS1999) Q.33. What is meant by Khayar al-bulugh or “option of puberty”? ( DJS 2008) Q.34. What are the general principles of succession under the Hanafi Law?Explain. Q.35. Write short note on classification of heirs under the Shia Law of Inheritance Q.36. (a) What do you mean by doctrines of ‘Aul and Radd’. (b) (i) A Muslim woman died leaving her husband and two sisters. How her property will devolve? (ii) A Muslim male died leaving his mother, widow and daughter. How much share they will get? Q.37. Define “Residuaries” under the Muslim Law. .(RJS 1986) Q. 38. Distinguish between hiba and hiba-bil-iwaz.Illustrate our answer. Q.39. What are the constituents of a valid ‘Hiba’ ? Can a valid gift be made in favour of a Non-Muslim? Q.40. Explain the nature of ‘Hiba-ba-shar-tul-iwaz’ and how far it is distinguishable from the incidents of sale? Q.41. Explaining the essential conditions of a valid gift under the Muslim Law,state the circumstances, if any, when transfer of possession is not necessary for making gift. Q.42. Write short note on Gift made during Murz-ul-Maut. Q.43. A maternal grand father made a gift in favour of his newly born grand child.The mother of the child accepted the gift on behalf of the minor. Is this gift valid under Muslim Law. Q.44. What is limited estate? Does Muslim law recognise the transfer of limited estate? Refer.to decided cases..(UPJS 1991) Q.45. “Life estate is unknown to Muslim Law as administered in India, but life interest can be created” [UPJS 1999] Q.46. When and how can a gift be revoked by a donor under Muslim law? In what cases the power to revoke comes to an end? Discuss. (UPJS…
Chhattisgarh ADPPO Exam 2025: Syllabus, Eligibility, and Exam Pattern Are you aspiring to become an Assistant District Public Prosecution Officer (ADPPO) in Chhattisgarh? The Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission (CGPSC) is set to conduct the Chhattisgarh ADPPO Exam 2025 on 04 February 2025. Here’s a complete guide on the exam pattern, syllabus, and eligibility criteria to help you prepare effectively. Overview of the Chhattisgarh ADPPO Exam ✓Details Exam Name:-Chhattisgarh ADPPO Exam 2025 Conducting Body:-Chhattisgarh Public Service Commission (CGPSC) Official Website:-psc.cg.gov.in Exam Mode:-Offline (Objective Type) Selection Process:-Written Examination + Interview Total Marks: 330 (Written: 300 + Interview: 30) Eligibility Criteria for Chhattisgarh ADPPO 2025 Educational Qualification: • Must hold a Law Degree from a recognized university or institution. Age Limit: • Minimum Age: 21 years • Maximum Age (Non-Domicile): 30 years • Maximum Age (Chhattisgarh Domicile): 40 years Age Relaxation: •SC/ST/OBC (Chhattisgarh):-5 years •Women (All Categories):-10 years •Temporary/Permanent Workers (Chhattisgarh):-3 years •Govt Employees (Chhattisgarh):-8 years (Max age 38 years) •Ex-Servicemen (Deduction of service period):– Max 3 years •Divorced/Widowed Women:-5 years •PwD (Persons with Disabilities):-5 years •Inter-caste Marriage Beneficiaries:-5 years •Sports Award Winners:-5 years •Contractual Govt Employees Equal to service (Max age):- 38 years Exam Pattern for Chhattisgarh ADPPO 2025 1.Written Examination (objective Type) •General Knowledge of Chhattisgarh √No.of questions:-50 √Marks:-100 •Law (Major and Minor Acts) √No of questions:-100 √Marks:-200 •Total √Questions:-150 √Marks:-300 2.Interview • Total Marks: 30 √Qualifying Marks: • Unreserved Candidates: 33% • SC/ST/OBC Candidates: 23% Detailed Syllabus for Chhattisgarh ADPPO 2025 Part 1: General Knowledge (100 Marks) •History of India & Freedom Movement •History of Chhattisgarh & Its Role in Freedom Movement •Physical, Social & Economic Geography of India (Special Reference to Chhattisgarh) •Constitution & Polity of India, Chhattisgarh’s Administrative Structure, Local Government & Panchayati Raj •Economy, Commerce, Industry, Forest & Agriculture (India & Chhattisgarh) •Tribes, Dialects, Festivals, Dances, Tourist & Archaeological Sites of Chhattisgarh •Current Affairs & Sports (India & Chhattisgarh) Environment Part 2: Law (200 Marks) Constitutional Law: • Fundamental Rights & Duties, DPSPs • President, Vice-President, Governor • Parliament & State Legislature • Judiciary (SC, HC, Subordinate Courts) Major Criminal Laws (Can be updated to new criminal codes): • Indian Penal Code, 1860 (or Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023) • Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (or Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023) • Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (or Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023) Important Special Laws: • Chhattisgarh Excise Act, 1915 • Information Technology Act, 2000 (Chapters 1–4, 9, 11–13) • SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 • NDPS Act, 1985 • Arms Act, 1959 • Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 • Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 • Right to Information Act, 2005 • Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 (Chapters 3, 4 & 6) • Chhattisgarh Shaikshanik Sansthan Me Pratarna Ka Pratishedh Adhiniyam, 2001 •Chattisg Tonahi Pratadna Nivaran Adhiniyam, 2005 • Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 • Chhattisgarh Vishesh Jan Suraksha Adhiniyam, 2005 • Chhattisgarh High Court Criminal Rules, 2005 Final Tips for ADPPO Aspirants 1. Focus on Chhattisgarh-specific GK. 2. Practice MCQs with negative marking strategy. 3. Update legal knowledge with new criminal laws (BNS, BNSS, BSA). 4. Study local laws unique to Chhattisgarh. 5. Prepare for interview by revising law basics and recent judgments. Conclusion The Chhattisgarh ADPPO Exam 2025 is a golden opportunity for law graduates to serve as public prosecutors in the state. A strong grip over criminal law, local acts, and Chhattisgarh-specific general knowledge is key to cracking this exam. Start your preparation today with a clear roadmap and updated syllabus. FAQs Q1. Is there negative marking in the Chhattisgarh ADPPO exam? Yes, 1/3rd marks are deducted for each incorrect answer. Q2. What is the age limit for general category candidates? 21 to 30 years for non-domicile and up to 40 years for domicile candidates. Q3. Is knowledge of local Chhattisgarh laws necessary? Yes, several state-specific acts are part of the syllabus. Start Your Preparation with TOA At Theory of Abrogation, we equip you with everything you need: •Subject-wise expert classes •Mock test series •Legal current affairs •Personalized mentorship for interview preparation ✓Your law degree is your foundation, but your preparation is what will build your success. Join Our New Batch Now! Prepare smart. Prepare with Theory of Abrogation. Contact Us: 📍 B-109, Commercial Complex Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-09 📞 +91 9971399324 | +91 8840961324 📧[email protected]
MP ADPPO Exam 2025: Syllabus, Pattern, Eligibility, Selection Process Are you preparing for the Madhya Pradesh Assistant District Public Prosecution Officer (MP ADPPO) Exam 2025? This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need—exam pattern, syllabus, eligibility criteria, selection process, and tips to qualify. Whether you’re a first-time aspirant or repeating candidate, this article is your one-stop solution. About MP ADPPO Exam 2025 The Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission (MPPSC) conducts the MP ADPPO examination to recruit qualified Assistant District Public Prosecution Officers for the state. •Conducting Body: Madhya Pradesh Public Service Commission (MPPSC) •Official Website: www.mppsc.mp.gov.in Exam Stages: 1. Written Examination (Objective Type) 2. Interview Eligibility Criteria for MP ADPPO 2025 Before applying, make sure you fulfill the following eligibility conditions: •Nationality: Must be a citizen of India •Educational Qualification: A degree in Law (LLB) from a recognized university •Preferred Qualifications: •First division in Law degree •Minimum 2 years of Bar experience • Age Limit: • Minimum: 21 years • Maximum: 40 years (Age relaxations as per MPPSC norms) MP ADPPO Exam Pattern 2025 The written exam is objective-type and consists of 150 questions. Part A :- GK of MP, India & World-150marks Total no.of questions:-50 Part B :-Law (Subject Knowledge)-300marks Total no.of questions:-100 • Total Questions: 150 • Total Marks: 450 • Marking Scheme: +3 for correct answers, -1 for incorrect answers • Language: Hindi & English • Mode: Offline (OMR Sheet) Detailed Syllabus for MP ADPPO 2025 Part A – General Knowledge 1. General Knowledge of Madhya Pradesh • Historical Events, Dynasties of MP • Independence Movement in MP • Art, Architecture, Culture, Tribes, Dialects of MP • Folk Music, Dance, Festivals of MP • MP’s Literature, Tourist Spots, Famous Personalities of MP 2. Geography of MP • Rivers, Forests, Mountains, Climate of MP • Mineral & Energy Resources: conventional and non-conventional • Major Irrigation & Power Projects of MP 3. Politics & Economy • MP’s Political Structure: Governor, Cabinet, Assembly • Panchayati Raj, Demography, Census in MP • Economic Development, Industries, Agriculture of MP 4. Current Affairs (National, International & MP) • Awards, Sports Events, Welfare Schemes of MP • Famous Places & Personalities 5. Information & Communication Technology • Computers, AI, Robotics, Cybersecurity • Internet, Social Media, E-Governance, E-Commerce Part B – Law (Subject Knowledge) Unit. Subjects Covered. Unit 1. Constitution of India, IPC, Probation of Offenders Act Unit 2. CrPC, Motor Vehicles Act, The maintenance and welfare of parents and Senior Citizens Act, Human Rights Act, Immoral Traffic Act Unit 3. Indian Evidence Act, POCSO, Arms Act Unit 4. Sexual Harassment at Workplace 2013, Essential Commodities Act 1955, The prevention of Damages to Public Property,1984 Unit 5. The Wildlife Protection Act 1972, Explosives Act, 1884, IT Act 2000 Unit 6. Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act 2005,Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 and Rules 1985, Indecent Representation Act 1986 Unit 7. RTI Act 2005, NDPS Act 1985, PC-PNDT Act 1994 Unit 8. National Security Act, SC/ST Atrocities Act 1989,Banning of Unregulated Deposit Schemes Act,2019 Unit 9. Prevention of Corruption, Juvenile Justice, Food Safety Act Unit 10 (MP State Laws) • Madhya Pradesh Excise Act, 1915 • MP State Security Act, 1990 • MP Guarantee of Public Services Act, 2010 • MP Cow Slaughter Prohibition Act, 2004 • MP Special Courts Act, 2011 | Selection Process The MP ADPPO recruitment involves two major stages: Stage 1: Written Exam • Objective MCQ Format • OMR Based • Provisional answer key released post-exam (with objection window) Stage 2: Interview • Total Marks: 50 • No minimum qualifying marks required • Personal interview assessing suitability for the role Qualifying Marks ✓General 40% 40% ✓SC/ST/OBC (MP) 30% 30% Final Selection & Merit List • Total Marks = Written (450) + Interview (50) = 500 • Candidates 3x the number of vacancies are shortlisted for interview. • 10–15% additional relaxation for SC/ST/OBC (MP). • Final merit list will be published on MPPSC website Scoring Formula Total Score = (3 × No. of Correct Answers) – (1 × No. of Incorrect Answers) Important Tips for Aspirants • Stick to MP State Laws & Constitution in depth. • Practice MCQs daily from standard books & PYQs. • Don’t neglect GK of Madhya Pradesh. It’s a scoring section. • Keep updated with current affairs and legal developments. • Stay focused on eliminating wrong choices due to negative marking. • Practice on OMR sheets to simulate real exam conditions. Useful Links • Apply Online: www.mppsc.mp.gov.in • Syllabus PDF: Available on official website Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Q1. Is bar experience mandatory for MP ADPPO? Ans: Not mandatory, but candidates with 2 years’ bar experience are given preference. Q2. What is the cutoff for general category? Ans: Minimum 40% marks in each section. Q3. Can I give the exam in English? Ans: Yes, the question paper is bilingual (Hindi & English). Q4. Is there any negative marking? Ans: Yes, 1 mark will be deducted for each wrong answer. Final Words: MP ADPPO is a golden opportunity for law graduates aspiring for a stable legal career in prosecution. Plan your preparation strategically using this article and stay updated via the official website. Start Your Preparation with TOA At Theory of Abrogation, we equip you with everything you need: •Subject-wise expert classes •Mock test series •Legal current affairs •Personalized mentorship for interview preparation “Your law degree is your foundation, but your preparation is what will build your success.” Join Our New Batch Now! Prepare smart. Prepare with Theory of Abrogation. Contact Us:- 📍 B-109, Commercial Complex Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-09 📞 +91 9971399324 | +91 8840961324 📧[email protected]
Bihar APO Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2025
Bihar APO Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2025 – Complete Guide The Bihar Assistant Prosecution Officer (APO) Examination is conducted by the Bihar Public Service Commission (BPSC) to recruit eligible candidates for the post of APO in the state. To prepare effectively for this competitive exam, candidates must be thoroughly familiar with the Bihar APO Syllabus and Exam Pattern 2025. A clear understanding of the syllabus helps aspirants adopt a focused and structured preparation strategy. This article provides a complete overview of the Bihar APO Prelims, Mains, and Viva Voce stages, along with subject-wise topics, marking scheme, and other key details. Bihar APO 2025: Examination Overview The selection process for Bihar APO consists of three main stages: 1. Preliminary Examination (Objective Type) 2. Mains Examination (Descriptive Type) 3. Viva Voce (Interview) Each stage tests the candidate’s legal aptitude, analytical thinking, and general awareness, ensuring their suitability for the role of Assistant Prosecution Officer. Bihar APO Eligibility Criteria 2025 To be eligible for the Bihar Assistant Prosecution Officer (APO) Exam 2025, candidates must fulfill certain key criteria. The minimum age required is 21 years, while the maximum age limit for general male candidates is 37 years. However, age relaxations are available for candidates belonging to reserved categories, as per government norms. In terms of educational qualification, applicants must possess a Bachelor’s Degree in Law (LLB) from a recognized university. Only Indian citizens are eligible to apply for the Bihar APO post. While there is no fixed limit on the number of attempts, candidates must adhere to the specified age criteria. Although prior work experience is not mandatory, having relevant experience can be beneficial during the selection process. Bihar APO Educational Qualification 2025 Candidates aspiring to apply must meet the Bihar APO Educational Qualification 2025 requirement. The essential qualification criteria are: •The candidate must hold a Bachelor’s Degree in Law (LLB) from a university recognized by the Bar Council of India (BCI). •Law graduates from integrated five-year law programs or three-year LLB programs are eligible. •Candidates in their final year of LLB may also apply, provided they can furnish their degree before the selection process concludes. Bihar APO Nationality 2025 To be eligible for the BPSC Bihar APO Recruitment 2025, candidates must satisfy the Bihar APO Nationality requirement. The applicant must: 1.Be a citizen of India. 2.Preferably be a domicile of Bihar, though candidates from other states can apply under the general category. 3.Provide valid identification proof such as an Aadhaar card, voter ID, or passport as per the notification. Bihar APO 2025: Preliminary Examination Syllabus The Preliminary Examination is the first stage of the selection process. It is an objective-type test conducted on an OMR sheet, comprising two papers: Paper Subject Marks Duration Paper 1 General Studies 100 2 Hours Paper 2 Law 150 2 Hours •This exam will be objective in nature •This exam will consists two papers(Paper 1 &2) •This exam will be held through offline mode •Duration of the exam will be of 2 hours for each paper • Marking Scheme: +1 for every correct answer, -0.25 for every wrong answer • Nature: Qualifying (Screening Test) Paper 1: General Studies – Topics Covered •Current Affairs •Life Science •General Knowledge •Famous Personalities, Inventions & Discoveries •Indian History •Art and Culture •Geography •Polity/Indian Administration •Economics Paper 2: Law – Topics Covered • Fundamentals of the Indian Constitution • Indian Penal Code, 1860 • Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 • Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Bihar APO 2025: Mains Examination Syllabus Candidates who qualify the Prelims are eligible to appear in the Mains Examination, which is a descriptive (written) test consisting of seven papers. Paper Subject Marks Paper 1 General Studies. 100 Paper 2 Hindi Language. 100 Paper 3 English Language. 100 Paper 4 Indian Penal Code, 1860. 150 Paper 5 Indian Evidence Act, 1872. 150 Paper 6 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. 150 Paper 7 Other laws. 150 Detailed Paper-wise Topics: Paper 1: General Studies • Current Events (National & International) • General Science • Indian History & Geography • Indian Political and Administrative System • Art and Culture Paper 2: Hindi Language • Essay Writing • Grammar and Vocabulary • Comprehension Paper 3: English Language • Essay Writing • Grammar and Usage • Letter Writing • Comprehension Paper 4 to 6: Core Laws • IPC, CrPC, IEA – Entire Acts as per latest amendments Paper 7: Other Important Laws • The Arms Act, 1959 • Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 • SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 • Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 • Explosive Substances Act, 1908 • The POCSO Act, 2012 ✓This exam will be subjective type ✓A today seven papers will be conducted √Time duration of 3 hours for each paper will be there Bihar APO Viva Voce (Interview) The Viva Voce is the final stage of the selection process and carries a weightage of 100 marks. • Candidates must secure at least 35% marks to qualify. • The interview panel evaluates candidates on: • Legal knowledge and reasoning • Personality and communication skills • Analytical abilities • Professional ethics and conduct Final Thoughts: How to Use the Bihar APO Syllabus Strategically Keeping a PDF copy of the Bihar APO Syllabus 2025 is strongly recommended for daily reference. A systematic study of each paper, regular revisions, and mock tests based on the latest pattern can significantly boost your chances of success. This comprehensive understanding of the Bihar APO Exam Pattern and Syllabus will not only help you stay ahead in your preparation but also guide you toward your goal of becoming an Assistant Prosecution Officer in Bihar. Start Your Preparation with TOA At Theory of Abrogation, we equip you with everything you need: •Subject-wise expert classes •Mock test series •Legal current affairs •Personalized mentorship for interview preparation “Your law degree is your foundation, but your preparation is what will build your success.” Join Our New Batch Now! Prepare smart. Prepare with Theory of Abrogation. Contact Us: 📍 B-109, Commercial Complex Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-09 📞 +91 9971399324…
Jharkhand APP Syllabus 2025 & Exam Pattern: Detailed Guide The Jharkhand Assistant Public Prosecutor (APP) Exam 2025, conducted by the Jharkhand Public Service Commission (JPSC), is a competitive recruitment process for filling 26 vacancies across categories such as SC, ST, BC-I, and BC-II. This guide provides a detailed overview of the Jharkhand APP Syllabus 2025, including exam stages, subject-wise topics, and preparation tips to help aspirants succeed. Overview: Jharkhand APP Recruitment 2025 Exam Conducting Body:-Jharkhand Public Service Commission (JPSC) Post Name:-Assistant Public Prosecutor (APP) Total Vacancies:-26 (SC – 7, ST – 12, BC-I – 3, BC-II – 4) Selection Stages:-Preliminary Exam, Mains Exam, Interview Jharkhand APP Exam Pattern 2025 The selection process is divided into three stages: Stage 1: Preliminary Examination (Objective Type) Paper Subject Marks Duration Paper I General Studies 100 2 hours Paper II Law Subjects. 200 2 hours Based on Prelims performance, candidates 13 times the number of vacancies will qualify for the Mains. Stage 2: Main Written Examination (Descriptive) Paper No. Subject Marks Duration 1. General Hindi 100 3 hours 2. English 100 3 hours 3. Essay Writing 100 3 hours 4. General Studies 100 3 hours 5. Indian Penal Code 200 3 hours 6. Indian Evidence Act 200 3 hours 7. Indian Constitution 200 3 hours 8. Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) 200 3 hours Regional Language Paper (Qualifying in Nature) Candidates must choose one from the following languages (100 marks): Santhali, Mundari, Khortha, Khadiya, Kurukh, Nagpuri, Kurmali, Ho, Panchpargania Minimum Qualifying Marks: • BC-II: 36.5% • BC-I: 34% • SC/ST/Female: 32% Stage 3: Personality Test (Interview) • Total Marks: 50 • Selection Ratio: 1:3 (Three times the number of vacancies) Jharkhand APP Prelims Syllabus 2025 Paper I: General Studies • Current Affairs (National & International) • Indian History & Geography • Indian Economy • Indian Polity & Governance • General Science • Jharkhand’s History, Geography, Culture, and Economy Paper II: Law Subjects • Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) • Indian Penal Code, 1860 (IPC) • Indian Constitution • Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Jharkhand APP Mains Syllabus 2025 Indian Penal Code (IPC) Sections 1–4, 6–75 (Intro, General Explanations, Punishments) Sections 76–106 (General Exceptions) Sections 107–120 (Abetment) Sections 120A–120B (Criminal Conspiracy) Sections 141–160 (Public Tranquility) Sections 172–190 (Contempt of Lawful Authority) Sections 191–195A, 201, 212, 216–229A (False Evidence, Public Justice) Sections 268–294A (Public Health, Safety, Morality) Sections 299–377 (Offences against Human Body) Sections 378–462 (Offences against Property) Sections 498A (Cruelty by Husband/Relatives) Sections 503–510 (Criminal Intimidation) Sections 511 (Attempts) Sections 499–502 (Defamation) Sections 121, 124A (State Offences) Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) Sections 1–5 (Preliminary) Sections 6–25A (Constitution of Criminal Courts) Sections 26–35 (Powers of Courts) Sections 36–40 (Police Powers and Magistrate Assistance) Sections 41–60A (Arrest of Persons) Sections 61–105 (Processes to Compel Appearance and Production) Sections 106–124 (Security for Good Behaviour) Sections 125–128 (Maintenance of Wife, Children, and Parents) Sections 129–148 (Public Tranquility) Sections 149–153 (Preventive Action) Sections 154–176 (FIR and Investigation) Sections 177–203 (Jurisdiction, Complaints to Magistrate) Sections 204–210 (Commencement of Proceedings) Sections 211–224 (Framing of Charge) Sections 225–265L (Trial Procedures) Sections 272–327 (Evidence and General Provisions) Sections 353–450 (Judgment, Appeals, Transfer, Bail, Sentences) Sections 467–473 (Limitation) Section 482 (Miscellaneous) Indian Evidence Act Sections 1–4 (Preliminary) Sections 5–55 (Relevancy of Facts, excluding 12,13,19,20,23) Sections 59–60 (Oral Evidence) Sections 61–75, 85A–90A (Documentary Evidence) Sections 101–114A (Burden of Proof) Sections 118–134 (Witnesses) Sections 135–166 (Examination of Witnesses) Section 167 (Improper Admission/Rejection) Minor Criminal Acts Group A (80 Marks)…
UP APO Syllabus 2025
Uttar Pradesh Assistant Prosecution Officer (APO) : A Complete Guide Introduction The Uttar Pradesh Assistant Prosecution Officer (APO) exam is a highly competitive examination conducted by the Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC). It is aimed at recruiting qualified legal professionals to uphold justice and assist in prosecution-related duties in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Overview of the Exam • Name of the Exam: Uttar Pradesh Assistant Prosecution Officer (APO) • Conducting Body: Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC) • Official Website: https://uppsc.up.nic.in • Mode of Application: Online • Mode of Exam: Offline Eligibility Criteria To be eligible for the UP APO exam, candidates must fulfill the following criteria: • Educational Qualification: The candidate must possess a Bachelor’s degree in Law (LLB) from a recognized university. • Age Limit: Candidates must be between 21 and 40 years of age. Age relaxation is provided to candidates belonging to reserved categories as per government norms. UP APO Syllabus 2025 Check Updated Syllabus & Exam Pattern UP APO Exam 2025 – Overview The Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC) has released the detailed syllabus and exam pattern for the Assistant Prosecution Officer (APO) Recruitment 2025. Aspirants preparing for this competitive exam must understand the syllabus thoroughly to plan their studies effectively.The official syllabus for the APO Exam 2025 is available on the official website. In this article, we’ll cover the UP APO exam pattern, detailed syllabus & preparation tips. UP APO Exam Pattern The UP Assistant Prosecution Officer (APO) Recruitment 2025 will be conducted by the Uttar Pradesh Public Service Commission (UPPSC). The selection process consists of three stages: Preliminary Examination, Mains Examination, and a Personality Test. The exam will be held in offline mode (pen and paper-based). The Preliminary Exam comprises 150 objective-type questions, to be completed within 2 hours, carrying a total of 150 marks. There is a provision for negative marking, with 0.33 marks deducted for each incorrect answer. Candidates can find more details and official updates on the UPPSC’s official website: [uppsc.up.nic.in](http://uppsc.up.nic.in] The UP APO (Uttar Pradesh Assistant Prosecution Officer) exam consists of three stages: 1. Preliminary Examination – Objective-type screening test 2. Mains Examination – Descriptive written examination 3. Personality Test – Interview for final selection Preliminary Examination Pattern • Total Questions: 150 • Total Marks: 150 • Duration: 2 Hours • Negative Marking: One-third of the marks allotted to each question will be deducted for every incorrect answer. The preliminary examination serves as a screening test to shortlist candidates for the Mains examination. •To assist you better, we have already included the detailed syllabus for both the Preliminary and Mains examinations as mentioned in the official notification. You are advised to use this syllabus as your preparation guide and ensure that every topic listed is covered systematically. This approach will not only boost your confidence but also improve your chances of success in the UP APO 2025 examination. UP APO Prelims Syllabus 2025 UP APO New Proposed Syllabus Preliminary Examination Total Marks: 150 NEW SYLLABUS • Part 1: General Knowledge – 50 marks (1) General Science-8 Marks (2) Current Events of National and International Importance-10 Marks (2) History of India-8 Marks (4) Indian National Movement-8 Marks (5) Indian Polity & Economy-8 Marks (6) World Geography and Population-8 Marks Candidates are expected to have general awareness about the above topics. • Part 2: Law – 100 Marks 1- The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 -30 Marks 2 – The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 -20 Marks 3 – The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 -25 Marks 4 – U.P. Police Act And Regulations -15 Marks 5- Indian Constitution -10 Marks Main Examination NEW SYLLABUS • General Hindi – 100 marks • General English – 50 marks • Essay Writing – 50 marks • Criminal Law & Procedure –100 marks The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023-100 marks Anya Adhiniyam-100 marks Anya Adhiniyam (Other Laws)-100 Marks a) Information Technology Act, 2000 b) Explosives Act, 1884 c) Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 1984 d) Essential Commodities Act, 1955 e) UP Control of Goondas Act, 1970 f) UP Gangsters and Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act, 1986 g)UP Cow Slaughter Prohibition Act, 1955 h) UP Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Act, 2021 i) Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 j) UP Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024 k) Foreigners Affairs Act, 1946 l)Arms Act,1959 m)Protection of Children from Sexual Offences,2012 n)Dowry Prohibition Act,1961 o)Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribe(Prevention of Atrocities) Act,1989 p)Prevention of Corruption Act,1988 Personality Test The candidate’s suitability will be evaluated based on their capacity, character, personality, and physical fitness. The marks earned in the written test will be combined with those obtained in the Personality Test to determine the candidate’s overall ranking. UP APO Exam Preparation Tips: • Understand the Pattern & Syllabus: Begin with a thorough understanding of the exam scheme. • Structured Study Plan: Allocate dedicated time for each subject and topic. • Refer to Standard Books: Choose reliable books for Law, General Knowledge, and Hindi. • Practice Regularly: Solve previous year papers and mock tests. • Stay Updated: Keep up with daily current affairs, especially law and state-related news. • Revise Frequently: Revision is key for retention and better recall during exams. • Stay Motivated: Stay consistent, take care of your health, and stay positive. Start Your Preparation with TOA At Theory of Abrogation, we equip you with everything you need: •Subject-wise expert classes •Mock test series •Legal current affairs •Personalized mentorship for interview preparation “Your law degree is your foundation, but your preparation is what will build your success.” Join Our New Batch Now! Prepare smart. Prepare with Theory of Abrogation. Contact Us: 📍 B-109, Commercial Complex Dr. Mukherjee Nagar, Delhi-09 📞 +91 9971399324 | +91 8840961324 📧[email protected]
JKPSC prosecuting officer syllabus 📎 Includes: Full Prelims & Mains syllabus of jkpsc PO Jammu & Kashmir Prosecuting Officer Exam: Complete Syllabus & Pattern If you aspire to serve the public justice system and begin a dynamic legal career under the Government of Jammu & Kashmir, the post of Prosecuting Officer (Assistant Public Prosecutor) offers a golden opportunity. At Theory of Abrogation,we break down the official exam structure and syllabus for the J&K Prosecuting Officer exam, helping you plan your preparation smartly. Scheme of Examination – At a Glance The selection process for the Prosecuting Officer in Jammu & Kashmir is conducted in three stages: PART A – Preliminary Examination This is the qualifying stage comprising two papers, each carrying 200 marks. Important Points: •Language: Both papers are set in English. •Paper I: Legal topics of graduate-level difficulty. •Paper II: Qualifying in nature – candidates must secure at least 33% to be considered. •Both Papers Are Compulsory – Absence in either disqualifies the candidate. Syllabus Focus: Paper I: •Indian Penal Code (IPC) •Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) •Indian Evidence Act •Constitutional Law •Special Laws related to Criminal Justice •General Principles of Law Paper II: •General Knowledge •Current Affairs •Aptitude & Reasoning •English Language PART B – Main Examination The Mains exam tests your in-depth legal knowledge, drafting skills, and conceptual clarity. It consists of eight papers: Qualifying Paper:•English (Compulsory, marks not counted in final merit) Papers Counted for Merit Paper Title and marks Legal Drafting and Pleading-300marks Constitutional Law-250marks Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973-250marks Indian Penal Code, 1860-250marks Indian Evidence Act, 1872-250marks Special Laws – I-250marks Special Laws – II-250marks Total (excluding English)-1750 Mains Strategy: •Focus on case law analysis, bare act clarity, and precise legal language. •Practice legal drafting and pleading formats extensively. •Regularly revise landmark and recent judgments. •Improve your legal vocabulary and translation skills for the English paper. PART C – Personality Test (Interview) •Marks: 200 •Nature: No minimum qualifying marks •Panel: Conducted by J&K Public Service Commission What Interview Judges Assess: •General legal aptitude •Presence of mind, critical thinking, and decision-making ability •Understanding of legal principles and current legal issues •Moral integrity and commitment to public service JKPSC PO – Eligibility Criteria (as per S.O. 41 of 2021) (1) Basic Conditions: A candidate must satisfy the following conditions: (i) He/she must be a domicile of the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir. (ii) He/she must have attained the age of 21 years but not have attained the age of 40 years as on 1st January of the year in which the notification is issued by the Commission. Age Relaxation: • Reserved categories: Upper age limit shall be 43 years, as per the Reservation Rules. • Persons with benchmark disabilities: Upper age limit is 42 years. • The Government may, by a general or special order, prescribe any other age limit for open or reserved category candidates for valid and recorded reasons. (iii) Educational Qualification: The candidate must hold a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree from a University established by law in India. • Candidates who have appeared fully in the final examination of LL.B. on or before the last date for receipt of application forms may also apply, provided: • The result is not declared or not informed at the time. • They must produce proof of passing the LL.B. exam at the time of applying for the Main Examination. • Failure to do so will result in disqualification from the Main Examination. (iv) For Civil Servants: • Candidates already holding a civil post in UT of J&K must submit their application through Head of Office, along with an advance copy to the Commission. • If the employer withholds permission, the application will be rejected and candidature cancelled. • However, such candidates may be permitted to appear as fresh candidates, subject to eligibility under rules. (2) Fee Payment: • The candidate must pay the prescribed fees as mentioned in the official notice issued by the Commission. Start Your Preparation with TOA At Theory of Abrogation, we equip you with everything you need: •Subject-wise expert classes •Mock test series •Legal current affairs •Personalized mentorship for interview preparation “Your law degree is your foundation, but your preparation is what will build your success.” We have provided JKPSC Prosecuting Officer Syllabus 2021 for the prelims and mains from below:- PART-A (preliminary Examination) Paper I (200 marks) Duration: Two Hours 1. Constitution of India. 2. J&K,Reorganization Act, 2019 & the Removal of difficulties Order/Adaptation Orders issued thereunder. 3. Recent developments in Law. 4. Indian Penal Code,1860. 5. Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. 6. Code of Civil Procedure. 7. Indian Evidence Act, 1872. 8. Limitation Act, 1963. 9. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. 10. NDPS Act, 1985. 11. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. 12. Information Technology Act, 2000. 13. Transter of Property Act. 14. The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. Paper II (200 marks) Duration: Two Hours 1. General knowledge. 2. Current affairs. 3. Legal Aptitude/Reasoning. 4. Decision making and problem solving. 5. Comprehension. 6. Interpersonal skills including Communication skills. 7. Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability. 8. Mental ability 9. Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude etc.- Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc. – Class X level) PART -B( Main Examination) The syllabi of the papers included in the scheme of Main Examination is given as follows: Qualifying Paper on English(300 Marks) The Aim of the paper is to test the candidate’s ability to read and understand serious…
Prosecution officer
Prosecution officer Become a Prosecution Officer: Serve Justice, Uphold the Law! If you’re passionate about litigation, eager to serve the public, and looking for a secure and impactful government job, a career as a Prosecution Officer—popularly known as Assistant Public Prosecutor (APP)—might be your ideal path. At Theory of Abrogation, we guide aspiring legal professionals with Knowledge, Law & Wisdom to help them secure success in judicial and prosecution services. Who is a Prosecution Officer? A Prosecution Officer (APP/ADPO/ADA) is a government legal officer who represents the State in criminal trials. Since a crime is an offence against society, the state assumes responsibility for prosecuting the offender. An APP’s duty is to ensure justice is served by presenting facts, evidence, and arguments on behalf of the public. Working as an APP offers: •Daily courtroom exposure •Close association with criminal litigation •A meaningful and public-spirited legal career •Government job security and social respect Why Choose APP as a Career? •Direct Recruitment through State-level exams allows fresh law graduates to enter litigation early. •Grassroots Legal Practice helps young lawyers tackle real-world legal challenges. •Wide Scope of Experience in criminal, civil, and procedural laws. •Stepping Stone to Higher Judiciary after years of practical exposure. •Job Security along with public service satisfaction. Examination Process for APP Recruitment Recruitment to the post of APP generally involves 2 or 3 stages depending on the state: 1.Preliminary Exam (Objective Type) 2.Mains Exam (Subjective Type) 3.Interview / Personality Test Eligibility Criteria To appear in the APP recruitment exam, candidates must: •Be an Indian citizen. •Hold a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from a recognized university. •(In some states) Have legal practice experience of 1–3 years. •Be within the age limit, which ranges between 21-42 years depending on the state, with relaxations for reserved categories. Syllabus & Exam Scheme Part A – Preliminary Examination •Two objective papers of 200 marks each. •Focus areas: Law, General Awareness, and Language. •Qualifying nature for Paper II (minimum 33%). Preparation Tips: •Focus on Bare Acts, amendments, legal maxims, and case laws. •Solve previous year papers and mock tests. •Brush up your general knowledge and legal vocabulary. Part B – Mains Examination Subjects Covered: •Legal Drafting and Pleading •Constitutional Law •CrPC, IPC, and Indian Evidence Act •Special Laws (I & II) •English Language (Qualifying) Mains Preparation Strategy: •Practice structured answer writing under time constraints. •Use case briefs for landmark and recent judgments. •Focus on legal reasoning, precision, and presentation. •Strengthen translation & essay writing for language papers. Part C – Interview / Personality Test •Conducted by High Court Judges or State PSC Panel. •Evaluates legal aptitude, clarity of thought, social awareness, and personal integrity. Interview Tips: •Stay updated with current legal and social issues. •Be confident, honest, and well-prepared with your legal basics. •Reflect ethical values and your commitment to public service. Your Next Step: Join Our New Batch Today! At Theory of Abrogation, we offer specialized mentorship, study material, and mock tests curated by legal professionals to help you crack the APP Exam. Register now and take your first step towards a meaningful legal career in public prosecution. Reach Us: Theory of Abrogation – Knowledge, Law & Wisdom 📍 B-109, commercial complex Dr.Mukherjee Nagar,Delhi-09 📞 +91 9971399324, +91 8840961324 📧 [email protected] Let your journey begin towards becoming a Guardian of Justice. Your legal career starts here—prepare smart, prepare with TOA.
Supreme Court: Courts Can Modify Arbitral Awards in Limited Cases Under Arbitration Act
In a landmark judgment, a 5-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court ruled (by a 4:1 majority) that courts can modify arbitral awards under Sections 34 and 37 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 — but only in specific, narrowly defined situations. 🔹 What the Court Held: Limited Scope for Modification Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna, writing for the majority, laid down four clear circumstances in which a court may modifyan arbitral award: Severable Awards: If the flawed part of the award can be clearly separated from the valid part, only the invalid portion can be struck or altered. Clerical/Typographical Errors: Obvious mistakes in numbers, language, or calculations can be corrected. Modification of Post-Award Interest: In certain cases, courts can revise the interest awarded after the arbitration concludes. Article 142 (Supreme Court Only): The Supreme Court may use its extraordinary constitutional powers to modify awards—but only cautiously and within legal boundaries. 🔹 Dissenting Opinion by Justice Viswanathan Justice K.V. Viswanathan disagreed on key points: He held that Section 34 does not allow for modification, as that would amount to a merits review, which is against the spirit of arbitration. Courts can only set aside an award—not change or rework it. He opposed using Article 142 to modify awards, warning it could destabilize arbitration outcomes, especially in cases involving foreign awards. However, he agreed that clerical and typographical errors could be corrected. In his view, allowing modification blurs the line between judicial review and arbitration, undermining the finality and autonomy of the arbitral process. 🔹 Issues the Court Considered The case focused on three central questions: What does it mean to “modify” an arbitral award? Can the court partially modify an award without changing its core? Can valid and invalid parts of an award be separated (severability)? 🔹 Background: Why the Case Was Referred The case arose after conflicting judgments from different benches of the Supreme Court. Some earlier decisions held that courts cannot modify arbitral awards (M. Hakeem, SV Samudram), while others had modified or approved modified awards (Vedanta, J.C. Budhraja, Tata Hydroelectric). This contradiction led a 3-judge bench in February 2024 to refer the matter to a larger bench for clarity. 🔹 Arguments by the Union of India Solicitor General Tushar Mehta argued against allowing modifications: He emphasized that Section 34 only permits setting aside an award, not changing it. If the tribunal doesn’t fix errors upon remand (under Section 34(4)), the only option is to set aside the award. Modification is not the same as severing a flawed portion—severance doesn’t involve rewriting. Any expansion of power should come from the legislature, not through judicial interpretation. 🔹 Petitioners’ Stand Senior Advocate Arvind Datar, for the petitioners, argued that: The original UNICITRAL Model Law wasn’t adapted properly into Indian law. Other countries (like the UK and Singapore) didn’t adopt Article 34 rigidly. Indian courts should have the power to partially set aside or modify awards to correct serious errors. Section 34 must be read broadly to allow for justice and fairness, especially when an award is clearly wrong. 🔹 Article 142 and Modification Powers The majority allowed the Supreme Court to modify awards under Article 142 of the Constitution, which gives it extraordinary powers to ensure complete justice. However, they stressed this must be used sparingly and cautiously. Justice Viswanathan strongly opposed this, warning that such use could create uncertainty, particularly in cases with international implications. 🔹 Conclusion: A Balanced Approach This ruling strikes a middle path: It confirms courts cannot rewrite or reassess the merits of arbitral decisions. But it allows limited corrective power in specific and justifiable situations, preserving the efficiency and integrity of arbitration.