S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)
S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) – Limits on President’s Rule & Strengthening Federalism This landmark case placed important checks on the misuse of President’s Rule under Article 356, reinforcing the principles of secularism and federalism as part of the Constitution’s basic structure. Background: Article 356 of the Constitution allows the President to impose President’s Rule in a state if there’s a breakdown of constitutional machinery. However, over the years, this provision had been frequently misused by the central government to dismiss state governments—often for political reasons. In 1989, the Janata Dal-led government in Karnataka was dismissed by the Centre, which claimed that the state had lost its majority. Similar dismissals happened in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh. S.R. Bommai, the dismissed Chief Minister of Karnataka, challenged the decision. This led to a pivotal case in Indian constitutional law. Legal Issues Raised: Can the President’s decision under Article 356 be reviewed by the courts? What constitutes a “breakdown of constitutional machinery” in a state? Can the President dismiss a state government without testing its majority on the floor of the Assembly? Supreme Court’s Key Observations: Judicial Review Allowed: The Court ruled that the President’s proclamation under Article 356 is subject to judicial review. Courts can strike down such proclamations if they are found to be mala fide or unconstitutional. Floor Test is Mandatory: The majority of a state government must be tested on the floor of the Assembly, not decided by the Governor or Centre. A government cannot be dismissed solely based on subjective reports. Secularism is a Basic Feature: The Court reaffirmed that secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution. If a state acts against secular values, the Centre can intervene. However, the ground must be constitutionally valid. Federalism Strengthened: The judgment emphasized federal principles—states have their own sphere of governance and cannot be arbitrarily dismissed. Restoration of Government Possible: If the dismissal is found invalid, the dismissed state government can be reinstated, even after fresh elections have been conducted. Impact of the Judgment: This case set clear constitutional boundaries on the use of Article 356. It curbed political misuse of President’s Rule and strengthened democracy at the state level. Reinforced the idea that India is a Union of States, not a unitary system. It remains a safeguard for state governments against unjust interference by the Centre.